On the Front Line with the Robinsons

Before the Archers, before the Nashs and Tysons, and even before the Dales, there was one radio family that had millions of listeners tuning into their wireless sets each day – and that was the Robinson family. To find out who they were and why they came to be on air we have to go back to the Second World War.

As part of the war effort the BBC had split its Overseas Services into five divisions, one of which was the North American Service (NAS). Seconded to that service were a number of American and Canadian broadcasters. Heading the service was Maurice Gorham, who’d transferred over after editing the Radio Times for eight years, and had spent some time Stateside studying their broadcasting experience.

To appeal to their North American audience the service had “so far as radio technique is concerned [be]...presented in a different way”. A drama serial was seen as one way of providing a distinctive schedule as well as aiming to generate North American support for the British war effort.

It was Ernie Bushnell, seconded to the BBC from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, who first floated the idea of having what he termed “a family life serial” (the term ‘soap opera’ was not used) and that it would “have to be a specially written script dealing with the daily doings of the average British family, particularly in war time”.

Hearing of the proposed serial it was writer Alan Melville (who’d been working as a BBC producer in Aberdeen and Glasgow before joining the NAS in London) that expressed an interest in developing and writing it. To help give him a steer on what North American audiences were used to, Bushnell had brought over some tapes of US soaps and by March 1941 the programme was ready to go into production, its title Front Line Family. The serial would be described, in the words of the London Calling billing as ‘the adventures of the British Family Robinson in Wartime London’. A later press report explained further: ‘It tells the adventures day by day of the London family Robinson, the father, the mother, their grown-up children, friends, neighbours and tradesmen, and gives overseas listeners a vivid idea of what a typical London family experiences under war conditions’.  

Front Line Family was broadcast six days a week (there was no episode on Sundays and it was later reduced to five days a week) with the first episode airing on 27 April 1941. Melville wrote all the episodes for the first year and a half himself, just over 400 of them, writing one each evening and then rehearsing and recording it the following morning. They were recorded three weeks in advance of transmission with each episode airing twice a day.

This rather prosaic description of the programme’s genesis is at odds with the story that Melville often told in that he had the idea for the drama whilst having dinner with Bushnell during a heavy London air-raid. Apparently they had to duck for cover under the dining table several times during the meal. In his autobiography, Merely Melville he takes full credit for the idea: “in an unguarded moment I suggested to the Powers that Be that it might not be a bad idea to put on the North American Service a daily soap opera about a London family Taking It. The Powers, after some dithering, agreed and said I could have a go for six weeks only, and to watch the budget.”

What Melville doesn’t mention in his recollections was the earlier BBC series The English Family Robinson. First broadcast in 1938, and again in 1940, it told the everyday story of Charles and Clara Robinson and their three children Joan (20), Peter (19) and John (13). It was written by comedy actress and writer Mabel Constanduros and her nephew Denis, with Mabel taking the part of Clara and Ralph Truman as Charles. A Radio Times introductory article references that this type of drama is typically American: ‘It is not often that British listeners have the chance to really get acquainted with a set of characters on the air. The serial feature, which is the backbone of American radio, has made few and fleeting appearances here’. It goes on to say that The English Family Robinson ‘are as near to real people as you can expect on the radio.’ However, with just six episodes in 1938 and three in 1940 it’s really more of an earlier sitcom than a radio soap. The Robinson family continued their lives after the radio series when Mabel and Denis wrote the characters into the 1943 stage play Acacia Avenue (a name that would become synonymous with an everyday middle-class suburban street) that toured throughout the 1940s and a 1945 film titled 29 Acacia Avenue.

The actors behind The Robinson Family are revealed in this
photo from 4 May 1946 (Manchester Evening News)

The Robinson family, Mum, Dad and their three offspring lived at 88 Ashleigh Road. The cast of Front Line Family weren’t credited on air but included Burnley-born variety singer and actor Ernest Butcher who played Yorkshireman John Robinson and Scottish actress Nell Ballantyne was Helen Robinson, whose exclamations of “what I’d give for a nice cup of tea” became something of a catchphrase. Then there was Paul Martin (later John Dodsworth) as elder son Dick who served with the Auxiliary Fire Service, Tony Halfpenny as the younger son Andy, Nancy Nevison as the daughter Kay (a part later played by Gabrielle Blunt) and Dulcie Gray as the daughter-in-law who, when she wanted to leave the programme for a theatre engagement, was written out as being pregnant. The part of Mary, Andy’s wife, was eventually taken by Margaret Long. Others in the cast included Wilfrid Fletcher as Mr Bowker, Beatrice Varley as Mrs Williams, Charles Lamb as Freddy Williams, Dorothy Smith as Maggie Mackenzie, Gladys Young as a family friend plus Judith Fellows, John McLaren and Alec Ross.

Others who appeared in Front Line Family and found post-war acting fame were Harry Fowler who played a young lad called Charlie Williams who was always getting into trouble and worrying that the war would end before he was old enough to fly a bomber; Joy Shelton, co-starring as PC Archibald Berkeley-Willoughby’s girlfriend Joan in The Adventures of PC 49, and Jean Anderson, best remembered as Mary Hammond in BBC tv’s The Brothers.

Each episode would end with a cliff-hanger explained Melville: “usually a bomb coming down on what was obviously going to be a direct hit (it wasn’t) or the news that Mrs Robinson’s sister’s semi-detached had been hit by an incendiary and was a raging inferno with Mrs Robinson’s sister trapped in the upstairs bedroom or that young Andy Robinson in Fighter Command had been reported shot down over enemy territory.”   

The serial was proving so successful that by late 1941 it was also carried by the Pacific and African Services as well as on the General Overseas Service (now the World Service) itself. It was possible for short-wave listeners in the UK to tune in, which many did. It was also re-broadcast by radio stations in Canada though not, it seems, by any in the USA. 

By May 1942 the BBC noted that Front Line Family “seems to have created more general interest than any other programme except the news, the talks by Priestley and Wickham Steed and possibly Newsreel”. There’s a story that when a BBC official visited Field Marshall Montgomery’s caravan, Monty’s first words were: “I’ve a bone to pick with you. Why have you changed the time of The Robinsons so that we can’t hear them?” 

It was also reported that during the war two American women were interned in Italy and wrote to the BBC: “As enemy aliens in an enemy land we risked the death penalty over four years in order to listen to Front Line Family. Even when bombs were falling and shells whistling overhead, we never missed a single instalment.”

Remarkably two episodes of Front Line Family have survived (they were recorded on discs at the time). A clip from an episode is on BBC Sounds under History of the BBC, however that full episode can be found under the World Service Audio webpage maintained by Sean Saunders and taken from tapes donated by former World Service broadcaster, the late Andrew Piper. In the episode from 13 June 1941 (the BBC website is wrong on two counts: the date is not 4 July 1941 and the station is not the National Programme) a German fighter plane crash lands whilst John and Andy are on their way home, there are some other domestic scenes in which we hear the rest of the family and finally there’s one of the cliff-hangers that Melville mentions. In a second episode, number 59, from 4 July 1941 the story is all about Andy who has started his RAF training – he would later become a Squadron Leader.

The first Radio Times billing for the serial
on the Light Programme 30 July 1945

The end of hostilities could have also spelled the end of the Front Line Family, but it was to enjoy a post-war civilian existence. This decision didn’t enjoy the full support of everyone in the BBC. Famously the Head of Drama, Val Gielgud, was against such “ludicrous”’ American style serials which he saw as ”the lowest common denominator” and that it diverted production staff and time away from more worthy productions. In an internal memo he wrote that: “Front Line Family, as it stands, is not a programme fit for any home service” and concluded that “we shall be creating a Frankenstein monster whose influence upon programmes will be bad, though its popularity may be immediately good”.

But Gielgud was overruled by the man who had originally commissioned it, Maurice Gorham, who was now the controller of the new Light Programme and wanted a regular drama serial in its schedules. So on Monday 30 July 1945, the second day of broadcasting on the Light Programme, the drama continued in an early afternoon slot five days a week with much the same cast as before and now billed as The Robinson Family. It would also continue to be heard on the General Overseas Service. 

Much like the wartime broadcasts the cast of The Robinson Family was not widely advertised on air or in print, the Radio Times, for instance, never published a cast list. One can only assume this stems from Val Gielgud who wrote in a memo to Gorham: “When you consider that the type of actors employed will be those of about the third rank – for no-one above that would accept an engagement of this kind – it is clear that they will see themselves provided with a comfortable livelihood for which, ultimately, they will be able to demand salaries equivalent, for example, to the best people in our Repertory.”

However, I have traced a few names of those who appeared in the serial including Shelagh Kennedy as the Irish maid Biddy Sullivan, Dick’s wife Connie was played by Joyce Heron, Janet Barrow as Aunt Maud, Olwen Brookes as Mrs Blair plus Susan Scott, Thea Wells and John Carol. The narrator of The Robinson Family was Douglas Burbidge and in later episodes Ellis Powell appeared as Mrs Williams, both would go on to star in Mrs Dale’s Diary as Jim and Mary Dale.   

By March 1946 Front Line Family and The Robinson Family had jointly clocked up 1,300 episodes. On 23 July of that year the characters of Mr and Mrs Robinson made an appearance on television in a broadcast from Alexandra Palace in which a Ministry of Food official talked about bread rationing and ration books. Mr and Mrs Robinson were there to ask the official about the food coupons. In one episode Sir Malcolm Sargent is supposed to have made an anonymous appearance

The afternoon audience was over 3.5 million, with the loyal listeners welcoming the Robinsons as friends: “A crisis in the family brings advice in the next post. An injury to some member of the family brings sympathetic letters and telephone calls. When Mrs Robinson was ill once, there were extremists who wired threats of reprisals if she was allowed to die.” (Daily Express 29.4.46)

From 31 March 1947 the title was changed to just The Robinsons by which time the drama department had created a separate division to handle drama serials (Dick Barton-Special Agent having started the previous October).

Very few script writers, of which there were about 15 in total, get credited in the pages of the Radio Times but they included Ronald Gow, Adrian Thomas A.W. Colley, Lesley Wilson, Ted Willis and Jonquli Antony. Both Willis and Antony would write for Mrs Dale’s Diary. Joan Littlewood, of Theatre Workshop fame, provided scripts. In her autobiography it gets the briefest of mentions: “Marjorie (BBC producer Marjorie Banks) managed to get me a temporary pass. We wrote a series between us, Front Line Family, precursor of today’ soaps.”

By October 1947 the BBC revealed that The Robinsons would be coming off air at the end of the year. It appears that tensions regarding the production – the continuing battle between Drama department and the Light Programme management – rather than a drop in listeners led to its demise. It was ironic then that its replacement, Mrs Dale’s Diary, was yet another domestic drama that would ultimately run for 21 years.

And so, after seven years, on Christmas Eve 1947, The Robinsons were heard celebrating their last Christmas. There were protests, if a little muted, with the BBC receiving just over 200 letters in the January mourning the loss.

But that wasn’t quite the end of the Robinson family saga as, in 1948, Jonquil Antony and Lesley Wilson wrote a follow-up novel The Robinson Family. Later that year Antony also wrote a stage version of The Robinson Family that had a short run with Nell Ballantyne in the cast. It was revived in August 1949 in Belfast and then toured English theatres through until the following January. This touring version starred Hylton Allen and Renee Kelly as Mr and Mrs Richardson. And with that the Robinsons disappeared into post-war oblivion.